what is tha GREENHOUSE EFFECT, greenhouse effect

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THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT 

The greenhouse effect refers to the ability of the atmosphere to trap the sun's heat, increasing the temperature of the planet.  When the sun's energy reaches Earth the atmosphere absorbs some of it on the way down, and then absorbs more when that energy reflects back off the surface during the day.
  This trapped energy heats up the atmosphere, increasing the temperature of the planet and distributing warmth to its night side, when solar heating is unavailable.  The denser the atmosphere, and the higher the

Concentration of energy holding molecules like water vapor and conto the more energy the atmosphere can trap

POSITIVE EFFECTS
The greenhouse effect is important, because it contributes to the survival of te on Earth without the greenhouse effect the temperature of the planet would be smo conditions experienced on  the moon.  On the lunar surface, with no atmosphere to mediate temperature swings, the surface can reach 134 degrees Celsius (273 degrees Fahrenheit) during the day and -153 degrees Celsius (-244 degrees Fahrenheit) at night.  This dramatic temperature change required NASA to develop specialized gear to protect astronauts from both extremes for the moon landings A similar temperature swing on Earth would have produced an environment hostile to most living things. 
TOO MUCH OF A GOOD THING Unfortunately, while a moderate greenhouse effect is vital to life, an elevated greenhouse effect can be dangerous.  Since the industrial revolution the widespread adoption of fossil fuels has increased the amount of carbon dioxide, water vapor and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.  According to a study by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center of the United States Department of Energy, carbon dioxide levels have increased 39.5 percent since 1750, while levels of methane in the atmosphere have jumped by 150 percent.  Climate scientists point to this increase in heat - trapping gases as one of the reasons global temperatures have risen during this period. 

 EXTREME EFFECTS One of the chief concerns about an increase in the greenhouse effect is that the changes can become self-sustaining.  As more greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere, its ability to trap heat increases.  As the warmth of the atmosphere increases, the amount of water vapor it can hold increases as well as further boosting the effect.  In addition, increased global temperatures threaten to release large amounts of carbon that is currently frozen into permafrost zones, also exacerbating the problem Excessive heat retention could lead to massive changes in natural water distribution.
and available land mass on a global scale.  The effect of malig factors, such increased cloud cover reflecting sunlight back into space is not well understood Related Content Three Types of Global Warming Causes Effect of Human Activities on the Environment Human Impact on the Earth's Atmosphere Difference Between Global Warming & the Greenhouse Effect Importance of  the Earth's Atmosphere How The Moon Affects The Weather

Does Mars Have a Greenhouse Effect?  Is CO2 Bad for the Planet?  The Greenhouse Effect and Its Impacts on Environment Pooja T. Latake Research Scholar, Environmental science Technology Department of Technology, Shivaji University Kolhapur, India Pooja Pawar Research Scholar, Environmental science Technology Department of Technology, Shivaji University Kolhapur, India Anil C Ranveer Assistant Professor,  Environmental science Technology Department of Technology, Shivaji University Kolhapur, India Abstract - The buildup of so - called "greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere - CO2 in particular - appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate.  This paper briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement.  For a "worst case" scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects.  In the most favorable "(although not necessarily likely") case (of slow - paced climate change), however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the "affordable" range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world.  In the third world the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible Keywords - Greenhouse gases, Histroy of Greenhouse gases, sources of Greenhouse Gases, Impacts and How to reduce Greenhouse effect, conclusion 1. 

Climatologists believe that increasing spheric concentration of carbon dioxide and other bone released by human activities such as boming of fossilfriend deforestation are warming the Earth The mechanismis commonly known as the greenhouse effect is what rukes the Earth habitable.  These gasses in the atmosphere act like the glass of a greenhouse, letting the sunlight in and preventing heat from escaping but the human activities have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide Rise  in environmental temperature and changes in related processes are directly connected to increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere.  The concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are all known to be increasing and in recent years, so their greenhouse gases, principally chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).  have been added in significant quantifies to the atmosphere IL HISTORY OF GREENHOUSE GASES The existence of the greenhouse effect was argued for by Joseph Fourier in 1824. The argument and the evidence was further strengthened by Claude Pouillet in 1827 and 1838, and reasoned from experimental observations.  by John Tyndall in 1859. The effect was more fully quantified by Svante Arrhenius in 1896. However, the term "greenhouse was not used to describe the effect by any of these scientists, the term was first used in this way by Nils Gustaf Ekholm.  in 1901. In 1917 Alexander Graham Bell wrote. The unchecked burning of fossil fuels) would have a sort of greenhouse effect ", and" The net result is the greenhouse becomes a sort of hot - house. "Bell went on to also advocate the  use of alternate energy sources, such as solar energy.  III.  LITERATURE REVIEW Bjorn Ulsterman et al.  (2007), has published paper on Modeling carbon cycles and estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from organic and conventional farming systems.  It gives information on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes in the system soil plant animal environment.  The model couples the balancing of C, N and energy fluxes with the target to estimate the climate - relevant CO2, CH4 and N20 sources and sinks of For the determination of the net greenhouse
effect, calculations or sequestration in the .cz emissions from the use of fossil eney Chemom livestock kexigid N20 emissions from the soil have been made The results were converted to CO2 equivalents mig its specific tobal warmin potential GWP YS Mohammed, et al (2012) has  published paper on A Synopsis on the Effects of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Emissions from Power Generation and Energy Consumption) gives information about Despite the looming difficult energy context in the majority of countries in the world global change in environmental dignity resulting from power generation and energy consumption scenario is  rapidly becoming a globally disturbing phenomenon Stakeholders and environmental activists alike have been clamouring for adoption of reduction procedures using sustainable means because ignominious environmental practices have associated disastrous Volume 1, Issue 3 2015 URCTISSN: 2454-508% UIRCTI 201068 International Journal of Innovative Research and Creative  Techn  ology www.ijictorg 334 consequences.  Therefore, this article presents an overview of the effects of anthropogenic energy generation and consumption practices capable of ejecting emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.  It also endeavors to identify some greenhouse gas emission reduction and control measures Scott Canonico, et al.  (2009) has published paper on reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Commercial Print with Digital Technologies.  It gives information about Paper is an exquisite technology that offers a durable, high contrast, high resolution and low power color display surface at very low cost.  Despite this low cost and low environmental impact during use, paper has significant embedded Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions resulting from other phases of paper's life cycle.  In fact, in most print applications, including those mentioned above, the paper is the dominant contribution to GHG emissions.  Although alternatives to paper such as e-books, e paper and erasable ink have been proposed, it is not clear that these will succeed or that they will reduce emissions, it would certainly be unwise to rely on them as the sole route to photomenis.  The article quantifies the GHG emissions due to
Nelieves that comes the application of advanced print and distribution technologies to and able Greductions YR Dhumal et al.  2013) sproses per Green Home Automation gbe and this paper we have discussed about Main and Control System Based on Zigbee Wireless Sen New using ARM controller and is accessible to the three Internet.  They have discussed about Green Home monitor technology implementation based on android mobile platform, which uses android mobile phone as the moting terminal in this paper parameters in the greenhowe are monitored on the PC as well as the android mobile phone from anywhere in the world as it  is connected to the internet through The team viewer software Marco Aurelio dos Santosa.  Luz Pinguelli Rossa, eta December 2004) has published paper on (Gross greenhouse gas fluxes from hydro power reservoir compared to thermo - power plants).  This paper presents the findings of gross carbon dioxide and methane emissions measurements in several Brazilian hydro reservoirs, compared to thermo power generation.  The term "gross emissions" means gas flux measurements from the reservoir sur face without natural preimpoundment emissions by natural bodies such as the river channel, seasonal fooding and terrestrial ecosystems. The net emissions result from deducting pre - existing emissions by the reservoir. A power.  dam emits biogenic gases such as CO2 and CH4. However, studies comparing gas emissions (gross emissions) from the reservoir surface with emissions by thermo - power generation technologies show that the hydro based option presents better results in most cases analyzed.  The measurements were carried in the Miranda Barra Bonita, Segredo, Tres Marins, Xingo and Samuel and Tucurus reservoirs, located in two different climatological regimes. Additional data were used here  Abundant greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are • Water vapor (H20). • Carbon dioxide  (CO2).  • Methane (CH4), • Nitrous oxide (N20).

Amplete determined by the habet renalar the strom the mesphere different chemical compound The proportion remame the mosphere after a specified imens the arbonne Traction CAP More pechsely, the Anthe ratio of the atmospheric increase in a given years that's total emissions For CO2 the AF over the last  50 years 1956 2006) has been increasing 0.250 219 years By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four majories are water vapor, 36-70 dioxide -20% methane, 4-99cone, 1-7).  It is not physically realistic to assign a specific percentage to each because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges grven above).  The major nonages contributors to the Earth's greenhouse effect, clouds, also absorb and emit infrared radiation and thus have an effect on radioactive properties of the atmosphere.  In studies of the net greenhouse effect of farming systems not only CO2 and CH4 emissions are important, but due to their high specific greenhouse potential also the site and management - related N20 emissions.  
Model approaches have been elaborated for emission inventories at the farm level.  which consider all relevant outputs 2, 9, however, on the basis of partly simplified model algorithms.  An overall view of the net greenhouse ellect of farming systems must take into account, beside the biological fluxes, also technical Cfluxes.  i.e., all CO2 emissions involved by the input of fossil energy 

1. Emission of greenhouse gases 3 Volume! International Journal of Innovative Research and Creative Technology www.ijirct.org 335 CH4 emissions: Methane is emitted from the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil.  Methane emission also takes place from the decomposition of organic wastes in agriculture, in municipal solid waste, landfills and the raising of livestock.  The metabolic methane emissions from livestock
keeping were estimated with regard to animal species performance and feeding.  On the basis of the feed gross energy, methane releases were estimated by means of conversion factors.  For quantifying the methane release from organic fertilizer during storage the excreta output (quantity chemical components, degradability) was chosen as the basis for calculating the methane formation potential;  The amount of methane produced was then determined with regard to the storage system 24 N2O emission N20 emissions were estimated during agriculture and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels. 
 It was assumed.  albeit very simplified that 1.25% of the nitrogen supplied to the soils by organic and mineral fertilization N2 fixation and N deposition is emitted in the form of N20 - N Alternatively, a N20 - N emission factor of 2,53% of the total N input  as obtained in numerous measurements at the experimental farm8 was applied.  The indirect N20 emissions from gaseous NH3 and NOx losses as well as from N losses via reaching were quantified using emission factors Carbon dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas and oil), solid waste trees  and wood products, and also as a result of certain chemical reactions (eg, manufacture of cement) Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere (or "sequestered") when it is absorbed by plants as part of the biological carbon cycle V. 

2. The Greenhouse Effect Definition Radiation: energy that is propagated in the form of electromagnetic waves • Incoming solar energy is called solar radiation Solar radiation warms the earth • The warmed earth radiates heat.  However, this is not called 'heat', but rather in scientific terms it is energy.  The correct term is infrared radiation • The atmospheric blanket 'is gas molecules in the atmosphere.  Warm Solar energy reaches the Earth's surface The earth surface absorbs the energy and warms up • The warm earth surface radiates infrared radiation (IR).  Greenhouse gases absorb IR leaving the surface • Gases are energized, then emit more radiation (IR) • Some of this IR returns to the earth surface, warming it
further • This process is what we call the 

"GREENHOUSE EFFECT VI IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT OF GREENHOUSE EFFECT 

A Global Warming Increase of greenhouse gases concentration causes a reduction in outgoing infrared radiation, thus the Earth's climate must change somehow to restore the balance between incoming and outgoing  radiation.This climatic change will include a "global warming of the Earth's surface and the lower atmosphere as warming up is the simplest way for the climate to get rid of the extra energy.  However, a small rise in temperature will induce many other changes, for example, cloud cover and wind patterns.  Some of these changes may act to enhance the warming (positive feedbacks), others to counteract it (negative feedbacks).  Using complex climate models, the "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" in their third assessment report has forecast that global mean surface temperature will rise by 1.4 C to 5.8 C by the end of 2100. This projection takes into account the effects of aerosols  which tend to cool the climate as well as the delaying effects of the oceans which have a large thermal capacity.  

However, there are many uncertainties associated with this projection such as future emission rates of greenhouse gases, climate feedbacks, and the size of the ocean delay.  B. Sea Level Rise Ir global warming takes place, sea level will rise due to two different processes.  Firstly, warmer temperature cause sea level to rise due to the thermal expansion of seawater.  Secondly, water from melting glaciers and the ice sheets of Greenland and the Antarctica would also add water to the ocean.  It is predicted that the Earth's average sea level will rise by 0.09 to 0.88 m between 1990 and 2100 C.

1) Economic Impact: Over half of the human population lives within 100 kilometers of the sea.  Most of this population lises in urban areas that serve as seaports.  A measurable rise in sea level will have a severe economic impact on low lying coastal areas and islands, for examples, increasing the beach erosion rates along coastlines, rising sea level displacing fresh groundwater for a substantial distance inland.  
2) Agricultural Impact: Experiments have shown that with higher concentrations of CO2, plants can grow bigger and faster.  However, the effect of global warming may affect the
atmospheric general circulation and thus altering the global precipitation pattern as well as changing the soil moisture contents over various continents.  Since it is unclear how Volume 1 |  Issue 3 2015 IJIRCT |  ISSN: 2454-5988 IJIRCTI 201068 International Journal of Innovative Research and Creative Technology www.ijirct.org 336 global warming will affect climate on a regional or local scale, the probable effects on the biosphere remains uncertain.  
3) Effects on Aquatic systems: The loss of coastal wetlands could certainly reduce fish populations, especially shellfish.  Increased salinity in estuaries could reduce the abundance of freshwater species but could increase the presence of marine species.  However, the full impact on marine species is not known
 4) Effects on Hydrological Cycle: Global precipitation is likely to increase.  However, it is not known how regional rainfall patterns will change.  Some regions may have more rainfall, while others may have less.  Furthermore, higher temperatures would probably increase evaporation.  These changes would probably create new stresses for many water management systems.

PART 2
Oxone (033 • Chiorofluorocarbons (CFO) Atmospherie concentrations of greenhouse gases are determined by the balance between sources (emissions of the as from human activities and natural systems) and sinks the removal of the gas from the atmosphere by conversion to a different chemical compound.  The proportion of mission remaining in the atmosphere after a specified time is the Marborne fraction (AE) More precisely, the annual AF is the ratio of the atmospheric increase ma given year to that of your toul emissions. For CO2 the AF over the last 50 years  (1950 2006) has been increasing at OP = 021en 15 By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor. 36-70% carbon dioxide, 9-26% methane, 4-9% ozone,  3.7% It is not physically realistic to assign a specific percentage to each um because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above) The major nonages contributors to the Bar  th's greenhouse effect, clouds also absorbs and emit infrared radiation and thus have an elect on radioactive properties of the atmosphere In studies of the net greenhouse effect of farming system not only are CO2 and CH4 emissions important, but due to their high specific greenhouse potential,  also the site and management - related N20 emissions.  Model approaches have been elaborated for emission inventories on the form level which consider all relevant outputs2, however on the basis of partly simplified model algorithms.  An overall view of the niet greenhouse effect of theming systems must take into account, beside the biological fluxes, also technical Cfluxes, and all CO2 emissions involved by the input of fossil energy Fig.  1 Emission of greenhouse gases E92 Paul ins A IMPORT Parco please Volume Issue 3 2015 IJIROT ISSN: 2454-5988 UJIRCTI 201068 International Journal of Innovative Research and Creative Technology www.ijirct.org 335 CH4 emissions: Methane is emitted from the production and transport of  coal, natural gas, and oil.  Methane emission also takes place from the decomposition of organic wastes in agriculture, in municipal solid waste, landfills and the raising of livestock.  The metabolic methane emissions from livestock
F12 keepiny were estimated with regard to animal species performance and feeding On the basis of the feed gross energy, methane relenses were estimated by means of conversion factors.  For quantifying the methane release from organic fertilizer during storage the excret output quantity chemical components, degradability) was chosen as the basis for calculating the methane formation potential the amount of produced methane was then determmed with regard to the storage system 24 N20 emission: N20 emissions  were estimated during agriculture and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels.  It was assumed.  albeit very simplified, that 1.25% of the nitrogen supplied to the soils by organic and mineral fertilization, N2 fixation and N deposition is emitted in the form of N20 - N.  Alternatively, a N20 - N emission thctor of 2.53% of the total N input as obtained in numerous measurements at the experimental farm was applied.  The indirect N20 emissions from gaseous N113 and NOX losses as well as from N losses via reaching were quantified using emission factors.  Carbon dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through burning lossil fuels (coal, natural gas and oil), solid waste, trees and wood products, and also as a result of certain chemical reactions (eg, manufacture of cement).  dioxide is removed from the atmosphere for sequestered ") when it is absorbed by plants as part of the biological carbon cycle V. THE 
GREENHOUSE EFFECT

Fig. 2. The Greenhouse Elect Delinition Radiation: energy that is propagated in the form of electromagnetic waves • Incoming  solar energy is called solar radiation • Solar radiation warms the earth • The warmed earth radiates heat.However, this is not called 'heat ", but rather in scientific terms it is energy.  The correct term is infrared radiation • The atmospheric blanket is gas molecules in the atmosphere • Solar energy reaches the Earth's surface.  The earth surface absorbs the energy and warms up. Warm The warm earth surface radiates infrared radiation (IR).  Greenhouse gases absorb IR leaving the surface • Gases are energized, then emit more radiation (IR) • Some of this IR returns to the earth surface, warming it For12.  This process is what we call the 

GREENHOUSE EFFECT VI.  IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT OF GREENHOUSE EFFECT

A Global Warming Increase of greenhouse gases concentration causes a reduction in outgoing infrared radiation, thus the Earth's climate must change somehow to restore the balance between incoming and outgoing radiation This climatic change will include a "global warming" of the  Earth's surfnce and the lower atmosphere as warming up is the simplest way for the climate to get rid of the extra energy.  However, a small rise in temperature will induce many other changes, for example, cloud cover and wind patterns.  Some of these changes may act to enhance the warming (positive feedbacks), others to counteract it (negative feedbacks).  Using complex climate models, the "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" in their third assessment report has forecast that global mean surface temperature will rise by 1.4 C to 5.8 C by the end of 2100. This projection takes into account the effects of aerosols  which tend to cool the climate as well as the delaying effects of the oceans which have a large thermal capacity.  However, there are many uncertainties associated with this projection such as future emission rates of greenhouse gases, climate feedbacks, and the size of the ocean delay.  B. Sea Level Rise If global warming takes place, sea level will rise due to two different processes.  Firstly, warmer temperature cause sea level to rise due to the thermal expansion of seawater.  Secondly, water from melting glaciers and the ice sheets of Greenland and the Antarctica would also add water to the ocean It is predicted that the Earth's average sea level will rise by 009 to 0.88 m between 1990 and 2100 C. Potential Impact on human life 1  ) Economic Impact: Over half of the human population lives within 100 kilometers of the sea.  Most of this population lives in urban areas that serve as seaports.  A measurable rise in sea level will have a severe economic impact on low lying coastal areas and islands, for examples, increasing the beach erosion rates along coastlines, rising sea level displacing fresh groundwater for a substantial distance inland.  2) Agricultural Impact: Experiments have shown that with higher concentrations of CO2, plants can grow bigger and faster.  However, the effect of global warming may affect the
atmospheric general circulation and thus altering the global precipitation pattern as well as changing the soil moisture contents over various continents.  Since it is unclear how 511 Volume Issue 3 2015 UJIRCTISSN: 2454-5988 UJTRCT1201068 International Journal of Innovative Research and Creative Technology www.ijiret.org 336 global warming will affect climate on a regional or local scale, the probable effects on the biosphere remains uncertain  3) Effects on Aquatic systems: The loss of coastal wetlands could certainly reduce fish populations, especially shellfish Increased salinity in estuaries could reduce the abundance of freshwater species but could increase the presence of marine species.  However, the full impact on marine species is not known 4) Effects on Hydrological Cycle: Global precipitation is likely to increase.  However, it is not known how regional rainfall patterns will change.  Some regions may have more rainfall, while others may have less.  Furthermore, higher temperatures would probably increase evaporation.  These changes would probably create new stresses for many water management systems, VII.  

REDUCTION AND CONTROL MEASURES OF GREENHOUSE GASES

Reduction of GHGs is central to all nations because the brunt of the problem is global and no one country or group of countries can provide its own remedy.  This is why international and regional cooperation are more sought - after and have been well advocated for in the comity of global atmospheric sanity In respect to this struggle, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) recently came into effect to deal with the global  climate problem.  This was executed in the form of international agreement comprising different countries across diverse regions to lower the dangerous concentration of anthropogenic GHGs in the atmosphere. A. Clean development mechanism  the concept of sustainable development.  Beside the GHG
environmental benelits alongside fossil resources comervation for far future generations C. Financing low carbon energy CO2 emission resulting from the combustion of petroleum products contributes substantial quantity of greenhouse gas to the atmosphere.  As a critical factor towards development secure access to modern energy is essential for development With the current global acknowledgment on the need to reduce emissions from energy, financing low carbon energy can be used as a strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Many financing initiatives exist for funding  energy projects but financing low carbon projects is indispensable especially in countries where oils are the major source of income and energy $ 15 ekspor Volume 1 Issue 3 2015 UIRCT |  ISSN: 2454-3988 IJIRCTI 201068 International Journal of Innovative Research and Creative Technology www.ijiret.org 337 production.  Driven an economy by a low - polluting energy technologies reduces the vulnerability of human environmental sustainability.  This envisioned low carbon economy can be harnessed by unlocking the untapped renewable energy resources potential.  Optimization of renewable sources for energy application provides noteworthy opportunities

551 Backs CONCLUSION This study has shown that activities related to power generation and energy consumption has associated emissions with potential to influence greenhouse gas which is the main source of impending global warming.  In renlity, anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from energy activities are greater than the greenhouse gas emissions from other human activities.  .  Finally, it supported the need to increase renewable energy consumption to help in dealing with problems of energy security, energy control and health related problems. A greenhouse is built of any material that passes sunlight, usually glass, or plastie.  Il mainly warms up because the sun warms the ground and contents inside, which then warms the air in the greenhouse.  The air continues to heat because it is confined within the greenhouse, unlike the environment outside the greenhouse where warm ar near the surface rises and mixes with cooler air aloft.  This can be demonstrated by opening a small window near the roof of a greenhouse: the temperature will drop considerably.  It was demonstrated experimentally (R. W. Wood. 1909) that a "greenhouse" with a cover of rock salt (which is transparent to infra-red) heats up an enclosure similar to one with a glass cover.  Thus greenhouses work primarily by preventing convective cooling, More recent quantitative studies suggest that the effect of infrared radioactive cooling is not negligibly small and may have economic implications in a heated greenhouse.  Analysis of issues of near infrared radiation in a greenhouse with screens of a high coefficient of reflection concluded that installation of such screens reduced heat demand by about 8%, and application of dyes to transparent surfaces was suggested.  Composite less reflective glass, or less effective but cheaper antireflective coated simple glass, also produced savmgs.


  REFERENCES [1] Marco Aurelio dos Santosa, Luiz Pinguelli Rosna, Bohdan Sikard Elizabeth Sikarb, Ednaldo Oliveira dos Santosa (2006).  "Gross greenhouse gas fluxes from hydro - power reservoir compared to thermo power plants".  Energy Policy, 34, 481-488 [1].  [2] Arman Shehabi, Ben Walker and Eric Masanet (28 May 2014).  "The energy and greenhouse - gas implications of internet video streaming in the United States", Environ.  Res.  1-11 2).
avstems ". Renewable or Scientific and (3) Bjom Kustermann, Maximilian Kain and Kun - Jurgen Hulsbergen (30 emissions from organic and conventional farming July 2007)." Modeling carbon cycles and estimation of greenhouse gas Agriculture and Food Systems: 23 (1)  : 38-523) U. Umar (10. October 2012), "A Synopsis on the Effects of 14 YS Mohammed. AS Mokhtar, N. Bashar, UU. Abdullahi, SJ. Kaku, Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Power Generation and Energy  Consumption ", International Journal Research Publications, ISSN 2250-3153.1-714) Mitigation in USA Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Agricultural (5) Bruce A. McCarl, Uwe A. Schneider The Cost of Greenhouse Gas Economics, Texas A&M University College  Station, USA, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Department of Economics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-1070, USA (5) [6] YRDhumal, S.Chitode (5 May 2013), "Green House Automation  using Zigbee and  Smart Phone, "International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 495-501 [6).  [7] Scott Canonico, Royston Sellman, Chris Preist, (2009) "Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Commercial Print with Digital Technologies." International Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technology (ISSST), 1-8 [7].  [8] John F. B. Mitchell.  (February 1989), https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302899977 The Greenhouse Effect and Its Impacts on Environment (accessed Oct 28 2017) 


 Con ho a stone wavutada tonery Beton vadinta fonoet wwwod a weaker er et Accesorii sisamosphere is immediately reflected home antocherellective surfaces, according to NASA The concoming adition is absold by the weatherland the mee  mosphere and into space sth.  equilibrium of incoming and migracion makes the one we will avere temperature of about su devrees Fahmeersebud NASA Without this atmospheric equilibrium Earth would be as collection of blazing hotas Vemes The moon, which has almost no mosphere is also in 24 151 on its dark side Venus on  The other hand, les on very dense atmosphere that som radiation the average temperature on Venesis about F10 The greenhouse offect The exchange of incoming and outpoing radiation that warms the articoleltetened to the greenhouse effect because a greenhouse works in touch the same way.  Incoming UV radiation easily passes through the loss walls of greet aborted by the plants and hard surfaces inside Wenker irradiation, However, as dientes in the glass walls and is trapped inside, thus warning the greentowe.  This effectes tropical plants thrive inside a greenhouse, even during a cold winter A similar phenomenon takes place in a car parked outside on a cold, sunny day Inicoring solar radiation was the car's interior, but outgoing thermal madration in reduce the comm 'closed windows Greenhouse  Gases and global warming "Gas molecules that absorb thermal infrared radiation, and are in significant encul quantity can force the climate system. These types of gas molecules and called greenhouse gases Michael Daley, an associate professor of Environmental Science at Lasell Collepe told Live Science Carbon  dioxide (CO) and other greenhouse gases act like a blanket absorbing I ridition and preventing it from escaping into outer space. The net effect is the gradual heating of Eanh's atmosphere and surface a process known as global warming These greenhouse gases include water vapor, CO  , methane, nitrous oxide (NO) and otser ases according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  Since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution in the early 1800s, the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gasoline lave greatly increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, especially Co, Vional.The upper reaches of the atmosphere carbon dioxide which much more in the atmosphere and contributes to the greenhouse ettect to a trecent The proportion of carbon dioxide can therefore, effect the temperature of the atmosphere.  If this proportion increases the temperature is latite to rise The atmosphere has been evolving over billions of years and will contume to do 10.  However, in this century the atmosphere has received a large contribution trom man himself in the course of modern human activities, huge quantities of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere.  This is done during the burning of tonsil fuels It is estimated that man in burning fusel fuels is releasing 6000 million tones of cointa the atmosphere each year.  The cultivation of soil releases vast quantities of carbon dioxide produced by bacteria to escape into the air.  These agricultural pursuits release 2000 million tones more.  A part from Cozmans industrial activities also release farge quantities of noxious gases like nitrous oxide (N20), carbon monoxide and sulpher dioxide solid suspensions and dust are also increasing in proportion Nature however, is extremely kind.  It cleanses many of the pollutions with rain.  Green plants absorb most of the excess Co, from the atmosphere and give back healthy oxygen in return.  By destroying green plants and trees we destroy those very agents that clean our atmosphere.  Afforestation, that is, the replanting of destroyed trees and forests is one solution for preserving a healthy proportion of Co, in the atmosphere Over the past hundred years we have released approximately 360000 million tones of CO, and are continuing to do so at an increasing  pace.  As a result of this large scale dumping, the proportion of CO has increased by 13 per cent.  If the green house effect is understood correctly, this would have increased the average temperature of the earth by if.  At the end of this century, the earths average temperature would have increases by about 3.60 F. The full consequence of this disastrous rise have jet to be understood
Green House Effect from Automobile F10 The internal heating due to greenhouse effect can be observed in a car park shine with all its windows closed.  This can be explained as tollows the glass windows of a car allow the visible sunlight and the very short wavelength intra - red rays contained in sunlight to pass through them freely and go inside the car.  These rays are reflected from the inside surface of the car (like dash - board, seats, etc.) Now, the intra - red radiation emitted by very hot sun and which entered the closed car was of very short wavelength, but the intra -  red radiation reflected (or emitted) by the less not "inside surface" of cares of longer wavelength The glass windows of car do not allow this long wavelength intra - red radiation to go out through them so the intra - red rays get trapped inside the  car since the intra - red radiationis produce a heating effect, therefore, the interior (inside) of the car gets heated considerably.  Thus glass is a solid substance which produces green house effect Those gases which can trap intra - red radiation given by the sun to produce green house effect leading to heating up of the environment are called green - house gases.  One of the most important green - house gas is carbon dioxide.  Water vapor and ozone also have the ability to trap the intra-red radiation so they are also called green house gases.  Thus, we have three green - house gases - Carbon dioxide, CO, Hi.  Water vapor, H2O and Ozone, O Out of these three, water - vapor and ozone do not contribute much green - houss effect to the earth's atmosphere because ozone is present only in the upper part of the atmosphere whereas water.  Vapor is found only near the surface of the earth (which is at the bottom of the atmosphere).  Only carbon dioxide contributes greatly to the green house effect
The earth's atmosphere, because carbon dioxide is much more uniformity distributed in the atmosphere The green - house effect produced by carbon dioxide gas is very crucial to our existence on earth.  This can be explained as fellows By producing the green house effect carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere traps the intra-red rays (heat rays) leading to the heating of the earth and its atmosphere.  This heating of earth (or rise in temperature of earth) is very necessary for our existence because without it, the whole earth would be converted into an extremely cold planet, making the existerice of life difficult Our earth's atmosphere is transparent to the visible radiations coming  from sun, stars etc.  But reflects back the infrared radiations and hence it does not allow the infrared radiations to pass.  The energy from the sun, heats the earth which in turn starts emitting radiations.  Since the earth gets heated to much lower temperature than the temperature of sun, the radiations emitted by earth are mostly in the infrared region, according to Planck's low.  These radiations emitted by earth are reflected back by earth's atmosphere.  Due to which the earth's surface remains warm at night.  Green House Gases Effect and Global Warming Sun emits light of different wavelengths consisting of ultra - violet, visible region and intra - red of these harmful ultra Violet radiations one absorbed by the ozone layer in the stratosphere and warm the air rather than coming to the  surface of the earths.  The visible and intra - red radiations pass through the atmosphere and reach the surface of the earth.  However, some of the light incident on the earth is reflected back.  For example of the total incoming light that falls upon the earth, about 50% reaches the surface and is absorbed by it.  About 20% of the incoming light is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere, such as ultraviolet light by ozone in astrosphere and intra - red 
Co, and water vapor present in air.  The remaining 30% is reflected back into space by sand, snow.cloud ice snow and other reflecting bodies without being absorbed Some gases in air such CO, has the property of allowing visible light to pass through it but absorbing the intra - red radiations  reflected from the surface of earth.  Therefore, all the IR emitted from the earth's surface and atmosphere escape directly into space.  After the absorption of IR radiation by CO molecules these thermal IR radiations are re.  emitted in all direction and some are redirected back towards earth surface and heat up F10 the atmosphere Chlorofluere carbons have also the greatest potential to cause global warming due to their greater efficiencies of absorbing thermal IR radiations Each molecule of ctc has the potential to cause the same  The extent of global warming as do tens of thousands of molecules of CO, cfc's are being excessively used in insulating freezers, refrigerators and air conditioners and are posing threat of global warming However.  Government is now trying, to control the production of cfc's.  Effects of Global Temperature on Climate on Earth The next effect of increased level of all these green house gases is increased green house effect or global warming which may lead to increased global temperature.  If nothing is done to control the concentration of these gases in the atmosphere than the average temperature will increase.  It has been observed that the average temperature of the earth has increased by about.  If due to green house effect.  If CO, is continued to be released into the atmosphere at the present rate then by the end of this century the earths average temperature is expected to increase by 3.60F.  This excessive heating of the earth would melt all the snow on poles and different mountains.  This would increase the water level of the sea and as a result the cities located on the coastal areas are likely to flood.F10 e The increase in average global temperature can have the following effects on the climate of the earth a in temperature regions the summer will be longer and Potter and winter will be shorter Thate will be increase in total amount of global tainfall but some regions will receive  leta rainfall The number of days having intense showers and high temperature both will increase d.  The problem of desertification bought and soil erosion will become more wornse would rise flooding low lying regions.  The increase in sea level would have profound effects on habitation patterns and will threaten to submerge many coastal countries like Increase in greenhouse effect is expected to cause cooling of the stratosphere This is because most thermal IR radiation will be absorbed at low attitudes and little will be  len to warm stratosphere.
  9. Tropical storms, hurricanes etc will be stronger and more frequent and will cause devastation h.  Some areas may become more humid or welter or some other areas will become dry The tropics may become wetter and the subtropics which are already dry, are expected to be drier 1. Due to global warming, human health will be affected.  Increased number of hot days and extreme weather may cause chronic 1. Insect carrying diseases such as malaria may also increase R Animal health will also be affected due to spread of diseases by parasites Ocean temperature change may also affect marine life adversely.  Project Report # 1. Meaning to Global Warming: The term "global warming" refers to the increase in the average temperature of global surface air and oceans since about 1950, and to continue increases in those temperatures ch ADVERTISEMENTS: Greenhouse gases, being lighter than  air, naturally rise up the outer limits of the earth's atmosphere and then settle there, creating an impe, etraple barrier that traps heat from being able to escape into space and warming the temperature Another term for "global warming" is "climate change".  The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that greenhouse gases are
responsible for most of the observed tomperature increased since the middle of the twentieth century, and that natural phenomena such as solar variation and volcanoes probably had a small warming effect from pre-industrial times Greenhouse gases are defined as "gaseous constituents of the atmosphere both natural  and anthropogenic, that absorb and omit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared radiation omitted by the Earth's surface, the atmosphere itself and by clouds Climate change is any substantial change in Earth's climate that lasts for an extended period of time.  Global warming can have many different causes, but it is most commonly associated with human interference, specifically the release of excessive amounts of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide.  (Co), methane (CH), water vapor, and fluorinated gas  s, act like a greenhouse gases around the earth.  This means that they allow the heat to come from the Sun into the atmosphere, but do not allow the heat to escape back into space.  The more the greenhouse gases, the larger the percentage of heat that is trapped inside the earth's atmosphere.
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT 

The earth could not exist in its present state (that is, with life) without the presence of some naturally occurring greenhouse gases, such as CO CH, and water vapor.  Without any greenhouse gases no heat would be trapped in the atmosphere, so the earth would be extremely cold, Naturally occurring greenhouse gases (non - fluorinated gases) are good in naturally occurring amounts;  it's when people start contributing excessive amounts of them that greenhouse gases become a problem with excessive greenhouse gas buildup, the earth's atmosphere warms to unnatural temperatures which causes, sea surface temperatures to rise, precipitation patterns to change etc.The root cause of global warming is the emission of carbon dioxide due to buming of fossil fuels.  The main culprits are for this the power plants that burn coal to produce electricity and in the process emit huge amounts of carbon dioxide.  This carbon dioxide envelops the earth and does not allow heat of the sun to escape into the atmosphere, giving rise to the temperature.  Global warming is one of the most important issues of modern times and if not taken seriously, it is all set to annihilate all life forms from the surface of the earth.  It is a continuous increase in the average temperature of the air near the surface of the earth and that of the oceans.  ADVERTISEMENTS: Global warming definition may look very simple but the phenomenon has started taking its toll, as the climatic conditions all over the earth are changing very rapidly.

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